Metal arc welding of 90-10 type copper-nickel material



lVlETAL ARC WELDING F 90-10 TYPE COPPER-NICKEL MATERIAL George Raymond Pease, Westfield, and Theodore Ephraim Kih lgren, Berkeley Heights, N. J., assignors to The International Nickel Company, Inc., New York, N. Y., a corporation of Delaware No Drawing. Application November 6, 1953, Serial No. 390,732

8 Claims. (Cl. 117-205) 7 The present invention relates to the arc welding of 'metal and,-especially, to a flux-coated electrode and an arc-welding method for producing sound, strong and ductile weld deposits and, more particularly, to a flux -coated copper-nickel arc-welding electrode adapted for producing substantially pore-free, sound, strong and ductile weld deposits on iron-bearing copper-nickel material and also to the resultant weld deposit and welded product.

Copper-nickel alloy of the 90(copper)-l0(nickel) type containing about -15% nickel and approximately 1-1.5% iron is a relatively new material. The prior art relative to joining this material is therefore very limited. While attempts have been made to weld this material .using a 70% copper-30% nickel alloy, no electrode hav- '-ing a core wire of substantially matched composition has been available for satisfactorily welding the aforementioned iron-bearing 90-10 type copper-nickel alloy. The recent critcial shortage of nickel served to focus attention on this new alloy as a substitute for 70/ 30 copper-nickel in the shipbuilding industry. This prompted eiforts to .produce aflux-coated electrode having a core wire of a composition similar to or matching that of the iron-bear- 'ing=901'0 type copper-nickel material to be joined. However, .prior to applicants invention it has not been possible to apply known fluxes to such a core wire and to consistently produce satisfactory welds. The are has been inclined to be bubbly and the slag removal somewhat difiicult. Extreme care has been required to avoid undercutting in a deep V. Excessive porosity also has been encountered. Furthermore, such welds have not possessed strength properties of the desired magnitude. Although many attempts were made to overcome the foregoing difficulties and other difficulties', none, as far as we are aware, was entirely successful when carried into practice commercially on an industrial scale.

It has now been discovered that by the use of applicants novel combination of a particular flux coating with w an appropriately alloyed 90-10 type copper-nickel core wire, welds are readily obtained in an arc-welding process that are virtually porosity-free and that have attractive strength properties and good ductility.

It is an object of the invention to provide a flux-coated 90-10 type cupro-nickel electrode for the joining of 90-10 type coppper-nickel material using the metal arcweldirig process.

It is another object of the invention to provide a method for joining 90-10 type copper-nickel material using the metal arc-welding process.

Another object of the invention is to provide a fluxcoated 90-10 type copper-nickel electrode and a method of metal arc welding with the electrode for producing sound, strong and ductile welds on iron-bearing 90-10 type copper-nickel alloy material.

It is a further object of the invention to provide a 90-10 type cupro-nickel weld deposit which is sound, strong and ductile and substantially free from porosity.

Theinvention further contemplates roviding an article of manufacture having a welded joint in 90-10 type cupro-nickel material with'the weld metal also of a 90-10 type cupro-nickel composition, the weld being sound, strong and ductile and substantially free from porosity.

Other objects and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the following description.

Generally speaking, the present invention contemplates a novel electrode comprising'a particular flux coating on a copper-nickel alloy core wire especially adapted for the electric-arc weldingof copper-nickel alloys. According to the present invention, there is a delicate balance of the constituents of the flux coating inrelation to the core wire to produce an arc-welding electrode having good are behavior and slag characteristics producing a good weld contour and a high quality deposit. Theelectrode provided by the present invention is intended for use particularly with direct current. This electrode deposits radiographically-sound metal and is readily operable in 'flat'and vertical positions, and can be used in the overhead position in appropriate diameters.

The flux coating of the electrode provided by the present invention is given in Table 1.

Table 1.Flux composition Parts by Weight Ingredients Broad Preferred Preferred Range Range Example Dry Flux:

Calcium Carbonate Bentonite Percent of Weight of Dry Flux Pref.

Range 1 Example Sodium Silicate Solution (42 Baum) 10 to 20.... 15 Invert Sugar Solution (43 Baum) (preferably 1 to 3 2 Mordex).

1 For both broad and preferred ranges of flux.

In preparing the flux coating from the foregoing dry ingredients and binder, the binder is added to the mixture of dry ingredients, together with additional water as needed, to obtain a consistency suitable for extrusion with the core wire. Although it is preferred to use Mordex as the invert sugar solution in the binder, other types of invert sugar solutions may be used. Furthermore, sodium silicate solutions and invert sugar solutions of different specific gravity from those specified in the foregoing binder also may be used. A solution containing an equivalent amount of potassium silicate may be substituted for the sodium silicate solution in the binder.

The manganese and the silicon may be incorporated in the flux composition in any suitable form. Preferably the manganese is added as ferromanganese and the silicon is added as nickel-5O silicon. However, other ferromanganese alloys and nickel-silicon alloys may be used.

Calcium carbonate, calcium silicate, calcium'fluoride, cryolite and titania in the flux are all nominal slag-forming agents. The calcium carbonate and titania are also are metal specifications, not more than about 0.15% silicon stabilizers. The arc can be expected to lose stability can safely be present in the 90-10 type copper-nickel materially if the flux contains less than the minimum weld metal. If the lead contamination in the weld metal amounts of calcium carbonate and titania set forth in can be held to 0.02% maximum, the permissible silicon Table 1. Wh the cryolite i u d i a ou t less tha 5 content in the weld metal can be doubled with modest about 15% in combination with the other ingredients of improvement in strength properties due to the presence the flux in the ranges set forth in Table l, the weld 0f the additional silicon. At 0.01% lead in the weld, quality and all-position operability are adversely affected. the silicon in the weld can-be up to about 0.35%, thus Calcium silicate in combination with the other ingredients Permitting mplete utilization of the weld strengthening in the fiux provides an additional increment of arc stabilefieet imparted y Silicon- It has been discovered that a ity and likewise provides a marked improvement in eiecdefinite lead-silicon relationship exists in which the maxitrode operability in the vertical position, which improvemum Permissible amount of lead ta i ati n in th ments is not evident without the presence of the calcium Weld may be eXpressed by the equation silicate. Nickel50 silicon may be included in the coating up to 2.5%, as an added optional source of silicon, to improve the strength properties of the Weld without Maximum per cent Pb in weld:

0.080.2 per cent Si in weld damaging arc characteristics. Higher amounts will pro- Magnesium, although not r y ne e sary, shouldgressively detract from operability. Manganese when inbe added Where melting conditions and Production f t l d d i h the other ingredients in the fl enhances core wlre point to a possibility of sulfur contamination. arcing characteristics. In the absence of bentonite, ex- Magnesium in combination With the f ti ed estrudability f the fl would be reduced, thereby sential lngredients also improves hot malleability andhot 'versely affecting the manufacture of the coated weld rod. Workmg oporatlohs- The magnesium y be lud d Applicants special core wire for the electrode of the for the aforementioned P p in Small amounts P to present invention is a copper-base alloy containing, as about (108%, Preferably in Small amollhts "P to about the essential ingredients, copper, nickel, iron, manganese and silicon. The aforementioned essential ingredients are The alloy can be Prepared, and the Core r can be copresent in the core wire in controlled and critical made Phorofrom, y any cohvehtlohal ll ying d'manuamounts The broad and fe d ranges of the facturlng procedures such as are well known in the art. gredients of the core wire of the present invention to- The flux coating can likewise be made, and the Core Wire gether i h a preferred example th f are given in coated therewith, by any conventional manufacturing pro- Table 2 The broad range, the preferred range and the cedures such as are well known in the art. However, on preferred example f the core wire are used with the completion of the low-temperature dryingtreatment of broad range, the preferred range and the pmferred the coatedcore Wire, a bake at about 550 F. for about ample, respectively, of the flux composition of Table 1. two hoursls applied- I The combinations of core wire diameters and electrode Table 2.-Core wzre composition outside diameters set forth in Table 3 have been found satisfactory. Percent by Weight Table 3 Elements B d P f d P I d roa 1'0 GITG re BITS Range Range Example Gore Wire Diameter, inches gggegulgggo ameter, 5 to 15 mches 0.240 0.08 max 0.05 max I: 81%

- 0.140 0.120 The balance of the core wire composition in Table 2 I is copper, but small amounts of other elements as noted F the purpose of giving those skilled in the art herelnafter y be Present mthe balance h o pp a better understanding of the invention and a better The pp 'b of the core Wife oomposltloh 15 about appreciation of the advantages of the invention, the fol- 80.4% to 94.3% in the broad range, about 85.8% to lowing illustrative data are given: 89.7% in the preferred range, and about 87.5% in the preferred example. I

It is to be understood that in commercial practice very RESISTANCE To WELD HOT CRACKING small amounts of other elements may be lncluded 1n the copper balance of the core wire compositions described Metal deposited y the pref rred lectrode example above. For example, sulphur and lead are impurities Preferred example of the Core Wire together With the and they are desirably kept low. Other so-called tramp Preferred eXamPIe of the llllX coating reon as set forth elements, such as phosphorus, selenium, bismuth, must be in Tables 1 and has satisfaotorlly Passed the X-WeId absent or kept low. The total amount of any other metals creek test- In making this test, two 3-inch long Pleees out (zinc, cobalt, etc.) should be not more than about 0.50%. from l-inch square bar stock are clamped with their edges A minimum of about 0.2% silicon in the core wire together to f m a double-V groove "l 'Then seems to eliminate most of the weld porosity and has a Passes are lald two at a time, on alternate es of the strengthening efiect on the weld metal and also improves joint, allowing the specimen to Cool to about F- the soundness of the weld as compared with an electrode tween P The specimen is clamped the early P having silicon in the coating only. About 0.4% silicon in of the test and is subsequently left unelamped for the the core wire appears to be optimum. Furthermore, the balance of the test- During g, eaeh P is silicon in the core wire eliminates porosity without imamined visually and on completion of welding, two cross pairing electrode operability. sections about /8 inch to inch from each end are It has been found that lead and silicon act synergistipolished and etched and examined for cracks. A comcally to produce hot cracking in 9010 type copperplete description of the test, and illustrations of the test nickel welds. As a result of tests, applicants have estabspecimen, may be found in the Welding Journal, vol. 24,

lished that if the 0.05% maximum lead contamination 769-8 to 775-8 (November 1946). A silicon content in level that is now recognized in base metal specifications the weld of the order of 0.1% to 0.15% contributes mamust, for manufacturing reasons, be carried into filler terially to the weld strength, insures freedom from weld I unsoundnes's and at the same time is well below the and sulfur tends to diminish the hot cracking resistance at all silicon levels. For instance, a deposit made by using an electrode of the preferred example but containing about 0.12% lead and 0.05% silicon was severely cracked in the -X-weld. crack test. The hazard associated with the presence of lead, particularly, increases as the silicon content of the weld approaches the aforementioned limit of about 0.35% to 0.4%. It is therefore preferred, generally speaking, to use a combination of coating and core wire within the preferred ranges of Tables 1 and 2 which will insure weld metal silicon contents of the order of 0.1% to 0.15%. Under conditions of severe restraint, such as in the X-weld crack test, the threshold limit for lead with silicon in the desired range is determined by the relationship expressed in the equation Maximum per cent Pb in weld =0.080.2 per cent Si in weld hot cracking tests had the following approximate com-- position:

Per cent Copper 88 Nickel 10.1 Iron 1.4 Manganese 0.4 Silicon 0.006

PROPERTIES AND COMPOSITION OF REPRESENTATIVE WELDS Butt welds were made on iron-bearing 90-10 type copper-nickel plate of the same composition as the bar stock used in the aforementioned weld hot cracking tests and using the preferred electrode example (a preferred example of the core wire together with the preferred example of the flux coating thereon as set forth in Tables 1 and 2) butcontaining different amounts of silicon in the core wire as set forth in Table 4. Transverse tensile test specimens were cut from the butt joints in the welded plate. These specimens were tested to determine the tensile strength and the yield strength of the welded material. In addition, transverse bend test specimens were also cut from the butt joint in the welded plate. These transverse bend test specimens were bent in a jig toa U shape with the weld face in tension. Upon removal from the jig the convex surface was examined for the appearance of cracks or other open defects. The results of this test are reported in the column headed 180 guided U-bend test. After completion of the guided bend test the bend specimens were then flattened to failure as free bend specimens and elongation was measured across the weld. A complete description of these bend tests and illustrations of the test specimens may be found in the American Welding Society publication Welding Handbook, 3rd edition, 1950, pages 1450 to 1459, inclusive. The results of the foregoing tests are given in Table 4.

'Table I 3 Free 81 Weld 180 bend Con- Sun Hard- Weld No. tent of Weld, Gmded ness Position core, percent U'bend (per' (Rock.

- percent 'test cent elong.)

Face Flat Sfa t; 1 s- 56 ac ory. Do do 0. 43 0.098 o 4 62 39-50 R0ot do do 35- Face Vertical... do 59. D0 o 0.43 0.1 "do"..- 60 37-52 Root do do. '62

TRANSVERSE TENSILE TEST [Butt joint, plate] Yield str ngth,

p. s. 1. T l

ens! e Wold No. z gg Strength,

2% .5%dext. p. s. 1. [In 81 Offset load Flat 27, 000 29, 000' 45,400 do 22, 800 24, 600 44, 900 {VerticaL 23, 24, 900 45, 000 do... 21, 900 '23, 900 '45, 100

REPRESENTATIVE AL'L WELD-METAL ANALYSES [Vs diam. electrode] 1 Including small amounts of other incidental elements and impurities which may be present in commercial practice as mentienedin regard to Tables 2 and 5.

III

COMPOSITION OF WELDDEPo'sIT 'The composition of an all-weld metal deposit will vary with the electrode diameter, because of'the variableratio of coating weight to core wire-weight, and withthe core wire composition withintheranges set forth in Table 2.

Using the core wires of Table 2 the following variation in the composition of the copper-base weld metal .deposit can be expected, allowing for the aforementioned variables:

Table 5.Weld metal composition Percent by Weight Preferred Elements Broad Range Range Corre- Corresponding sponding to to Broad Range Preferred of Core Wire Range of Core Wire 9 to 11. 1 to 2.2. 0.5 to 1.25. Silicon 0.1 to 0.15.

The balance of the weld metal composition of Table ,5, is copper, except for small amounts of other incidental elements which may be present in the balance with the copper in commercial practice due to their presence in the electrode, i. e., in the core wire and/or in the flux coating, as mentioned herein. The aforementioned copper content of the weld metal composition is about 79.5% to 94% in the broad range and about 84.5% to 89.4% in the preferred range.

EFFECT on SILICON IN THE WELD Butt joints were prepared in %-inch thick iron-bearing 90-10 type copper-nickel plate (of the same composition as the stock material used in the foregoing weld-crack tests) using electrodes so formulated as to provide the indicated weld metal silicon contents. Transverse tensile test and bend test specimens were cut from the butt joints in the welded plate. These specimens were tested to determinethe tensile strength and the elongation in bend of the welded material in accordance with the procedure outlined in section II. X-ray tests were also made to determine the weld quality. The results of the foregoing tests are given in Table 6.

Table 6 Tensile Percent Percent Slliconin Weld Strength, Elongation g gg f p. s. i. in Bend y 42, 100 50 scattered porosity. 43, 300 56 n. f very slight porosity. 48, 900 48 D0.

' 1 n. i. no failure.

It is to be observed in this table that as the weld metal silicon content increases the strength properties are materially increased and weld porosity is materially decreased.

DUCTILITY F RE-HEATED METAL ARC WELDS An additional series of tests serves to indicate that there is good ductility in the Welds even after deliberate exposure of welded joints to temperatures within the iron precipitation range and up to 1650 F. In this series of tests, the results of which are shown in Table 7, a number of 4-inch wide transverse face bend speciments were prepared from a single weld joint made in %-inch 90-10 type copper-nickel plate (of the same composition as the 7 plate material used in the foregoing section I) with a -inch electrode having'fiux and core wire compositions within the broad ranges of Tables 1 and 2, the core wire having 1.7% iron. The free bend tests were made in accordance with the procedure outlined in section II.

Weld elongation was measured on each specimen after exposure, in air, to the indicated test temperatures.

Table 7 Percent Elonga- Oondition of Weld t i on in F re e Bend Test As Welded 66-N0 Failure. 2 Hrs.-900 F... 74-N0 Failure. 2 Hrs.1,000 F.. 67N0 Failure. 2 Hrs.l,100 F 61N0 Failure.

2 Hrs..-1,650 F.\V. Q... (SO-N0 Failure.

The present invention is of wide application for producing substantially pore-free weld deposits on ironbearing 90-10 type cupro-nickel alloy material, especially stood'that modifications and variations may be resorted 'towithout departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, as those skilled in the. art will readily understand. Such modifications and variations are considered to be within the purview and scope of the invention and appended claims. I

We claim: v l

1. An arc welding electrode adapted for forming weld deposits substantially devoid of gas porosity in metal-arcwelding of iron-bearing copper-nickel members, said electrode having a core wire comprising a 90-10 type cupronickel alloy having as essential ingredients about 87.5% copper, about 10% nickel, about 1.5% iron, about 0.4% manganese, about 0.4% silicon; and a flux coating on said core wire, said flux coating containing about 16 parts calcium carbonate, about parts calcium fluoride, about 24 parts cryolite, about 24 parts titania, about 2.6 7

parts manganese, about 5 parts calcium silicate, and'about 3 parts bentonite and a water-dispe rsible binder.

. 1.6% iron, about 0.15% to 0.5% manganese, and about 0.2% to 0.5 silicon; and a flux coating on the said core wire, said flux coating containing about 10 to 20 parts calcium carbonate, about 22 to 30 parts calcium fluoride, about 20 to 25 parts cryolite, about 22 to 28 parts titania, about 1.7 to 4.3 parts manganese, about 4 to 8 parts calcium silicate, and about 2 to 4 parts bentonite and a u water-dispersible binder.

3. An arc welding electrode adapted for forming weld deposits substantially devoid of gas porosity in metal-arcwelding of iron-bearing copper-nickel members, said electrode have a core wire comprising a 9010 type cupronickel'alloy having as essential ingredients at least about 80.4%. copper, about 5%-.to 15% nickel, about 0.5% to 2% iron, about 0.05% to 1% manganese, and about 0.2% to 1% silicon; and a flux coating on said core wire, said flux coating containing about 6 to 26 parts calcium carbonate, about 15 to 30 parts calcium fluoride, about 15 to 30 parts cryolite, about 20 to 30 parts titania, about 1.7 to 8.5 parts manganese as ferromanganese alloy, up to about 1.3 parts silicon as nickel-silicon alloy, about 2 to 10 parts calcium silicate, and about 2 to 5 parts bentonite and'a water-dispersible binder; the compositions of the aforementioned core wire and the flux coating thereon being controlled so that any lead contamination in the resultant weld metal does not exceed the amount expressed by the equation:

Maximum per cent lead in weld=0.080.2 per cent silicon in weld whereby the weld is free from hot cracking.

4. An arc welding electrode adapted for forming weld deposits substantially devoid of gas porosity in metalarc-welding of' iron-bearing copper-nickel members, said electrode having a core wire comprising a' 10 type cupro-nickel alloy consisting essentially of at least about 80.4% copper, about 5% to 15% nickel, about 0.5% to 2% iron, about 0.05 to 1% manganese, about 0.2% to 1% silicon, and up to about 0.08% magnesium; and a flux coating baked on said core wire, said flux coating containing about 6 to 26 parts calcium carbonate, about 15 to 30 parts calcium fluoride, about 15 to 30 parts cryolite, about 20 to 30 parts titania, about 1.7 to 8.5 parts manganese, up to about 1.3 parts silicon, about 2 to 10 parts calcium silicate, and about 2 to 5 parts bentonite, and abinder consisting essentially of sodium sili- V cate in an amount equivalent to a 42 Baum aqueous sodium silicate solution in a quantity of about 10% to 20% by weight of the dry flux coating and invert sugar in an amount equivalent to a 43 Baum aqueous invert sugar solution in a quantity of about 1% to 3% by weight of the dry flux; the compositions of the aforementioned core wire and the flux coating thereon being controlled so that any lead contamination in the resultant weld metal does not exceed the amount expressed by the equation:

Maximum per cent lead in weld=0.080.2 per cent silicon in weld whereby the Weld is free from hot cracking.

. 5. An arc welding electrode adapted for forming weld deposits substantially devoid of gas porosity in metalarc-welding of iron-bearing copper-nickel members, said electrode having a core wire comprising a 90-10 type cupro-nickel alloy having as essential ingredients at least about 80.4% copper, about 5% to 15% nickel, about 0.5% to 2% iron, about 0.05% to 1% manganese, and about 0.2% to 1% silicon; and a flux coating on the said core wire, said flux coating containing about 6 to 26 parts calcium carbonate, about 15 to 30 parts calcium fluoride, about 15 to 30 parts cryolite, about 20 to 30 parts titania, about 1.7 to 8.5 parts manganese, up to about 1.3 parts silicon, about 2 to parts of at least one silicate of the group consisting of calcium silicate and sodium silicate, and about 2 to 5 parts bentonite and a water-dispersible binder.

6. An arc welding electrode adapted for forming weld deposits substantially devoid of gas porosity in metal arc-welding of iron-bearing copper-nickel members, said electrode having a core comprising a 90-10 type cupronickel alloy having as essential ingredients about 87.5% copper, about 10% nickel, about 1.5% iron, about 0.4% manganese, about 0.4% silicon; and a flux coating baked on said core, said flux coating containing about 16 parts calcium carbonate, about 25 parts calcium fluoride, about 24 parts cryolite, about 24 parts titania, about 2.6 parts manganese, about 5 parts calcium silicate, and about 3 parts beutonite, and a binder consisting essentially of sodium silicate in an amount equivalent to a 42 Baum aqueous sodium silicate solution in a quantity of about by weight of the dry flux coating and invert sugar in an amount equivalent to a 43 Baum aqueous invert sugar solution in a quantity of about 2% by weight of the dry flux.

7. An arc Welding electrode adapted for forming weld deposits substantially devoid of gas porosity in metal arc-welding of iron-bearing copper-nickel members, said electrode having a core comprising a 90-10 type cupronickel alloy consisting essentially of at least about 85.8% copper, about 9% to 11% nickel, about 1% to 1.6% iron, about 0.15% to 0.5% manganese, about 0.2% to 0.5% silicon, and up to about 0.05% magnesium; and a flux coating baked on the said core, said flux coating containing about 10 to 20 parts calcium carbonate, about 22 to 30 parts calcium fluoride, about 20 to 25 parts cryolite, about 22 to 28 parts titania, about 1.7 to 4.3 parts manganese as ferromauganese alloy, about 4 to 8 parts calcium silicate, and about 2 to 4 parts beutonite, and a binder consisting essentially of sodium silicate in an amount equivalent to a 42 Baum aqueous sodium silicate solution in a quantity of about 10% to 20% by weight of the dry flux coating and invert sugar in an amount equivalent to a 43 Baum aqueous invert sugar solution in a quantity of about 1% to 3% by Weight of the dry flux; the compositions of the aforementioned core and the flux coating thereon being controlled so that any lead contamination in the resultant weld metal does not exceed the amount expressed by the equation:

about 0.15% to 0.5% manganese, and about 0.2% to 0.5% silicon; and a flux coating on the said core, said flux coating containing about 10 to 20 parts of calcium carbonate, about 22 to 30 parts calcium fluoride, about 20 to 25 parts cryolite, about 22 to 28 parts titania, about 1.7 to 4.3 parts manganese, about 4 to 8 parts of at least one silicate of the group consisting of calcium silicate and sodium silicate, and about 2 to 4 parts beutonite, and a water-dispersible binder.

References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,100,545 Heimke Nov. 30, 1937 2,156,298 Leitner May 2, 1939 2,156,306 Rapatz May 2, 1939 2,499,827

Kihlgren Mar. 7, 1950 

1. AN ARC WELDING ELECTRODE ADAPTED FOR FORMING WELD DEPOSITS SUBSTANTIALLY DEVOID OF GAS POROSITY IN METAL-ARCWELDING OF IRON-BEARING COPPER-NICKEL MEMBERS, SAID ELECTRODE HAVING A CORE WIRE COMPRISING A 90-10 TYPE CUPRONICKEL ALLOY HAVING AS ESSENTIAL INGREDIENTS ABOUT 87.5% COPPER, ABOUT 10% NICKEL, ABOUT 1.5% IRON, ABOUT 0.4% MANGANESE, ABOUT 0.4% SILICON; AND A FLUX COATING ON SAID CORE WIRE, SAID FLUX COATING CONTAINING ABOUT 16 PARTS CALCIUM CARBONATE, ABOUT 25 PARTS CALCIUM FLUORIDE, ABOUT 24 PARTS CRYOLITE, ABOUT 24 PARTS TITANIA, ABOUT 2.6 PARTS MANGANESE, ABOUT 5 PARTS CALCIUM SILICATE, AND ABOUT 3 PARTS BENTONITE AND A WATER-DISPERSIBLE BINDER. 